Compare and contrast the economic, political and social environment of Essay

Compare and contrast the economic, political and social environment of the United States in the 1920s and the 1950s - Essay Example The economy of 1920 boomed and contributed to the success of the country during this era. It resulted in a boost in employment, cost-effective development and consumerism. In 1920s, there was a great enhancement in purchase of commodities, mass production, industrial production, corporate profits and movies. In 1920, every field witnessed innovative breakthroughs and creations. These inventions embrace cars, methods of transportation, gas stations, malls/shopping centers, radio, and sewing machines. The period of 1920 was a period of huge advancement in the sphere of mass communication and the movies became popular as well (Goff & Terry, 2002). The manufacturers made huge profits from new business and production approaches. Departmental stores along with service station chains benefited from considerable retail power and helped in wage rise. The figure of millionaires in US increased during this period. The share market reached to the pinnacle. The salaries of management were increased excessively. Banks offered significant bonuses to their staff. The moral codes of business distorted and corruption was prevalent in politics, business and society. This was an indication of the end of booming period in USA. Comparatively, the period of 1950 was somewhat outdated. The economy during 1950 observed no major innovation. The main issue of this era was inflation, the rise in consumer prices, in indirect business taxes as well as social security taxes. Tax rates along with employment rates carried on climbing during this period. First half of 1950 viewed the prosperity of progress of life insurance companies and enrollment of new private companies to take in the extremes of personal investments (Goff & Terry, 2002). The industries that flourished after the war comprised, transport industry, newspaper industry, automobile industry, housing industry, electronics and aviation and aerospace industry, military industry, Hollywood and newspaper industry. During this

MSc Programme and project management Personal Statement

MSc Programme and project management - Personal Statement Example The PPM course is seen as an opportunity for me to put myself ahead of the increasing demand of the project and programme management job market. By putting myself a step ahead of the requirements of the job market, I can be assured that I will become what employers and project owners are looking for. But this striking vision needs to be nurtured and started somewhere and that is the course being applied to. Apart from the outstanding benefits I will derive from the course, one other reason that makes me prefer PPM is the fact that nature of the course matches who I am and what I have been able to achieve so far. First, I have a very good background in British education as I have successfully completed a four year BA business programme in Britain. This puts me in a better position to easily adapt to the British learning environment and requirements. Even though business studies and PPM are different, there is much similarity between the two, putting me at a better position to grabbing academic concepts very easily. For example it is common knowledge that most projects and programmes that require the expertise of project and programme managers are run by businesses. With my knowledge in business, I will therefore be able to have a very deep understanding of project owners. I can also have empathy for project managers in understanding issues of project urgency, cost saving, and quality co ntrol. My level of confidence expressed above as to why my background as a Business student can help me succeed with the PPM course can be backed by realistic academic abilities and achievement. For example as a Business student, I achieved very good grade in Finance, which I scored 79% and thus was graded A- in my course assignment. With my current GPA, I am confident about completing with a high 2.1 degree, which is a strong demonstration and evidence of attitude to academic work. With the

The Brake System Of Moving Machines And Vehicles

The Brake System Of Moving Machines And Vehicles Brakes are one of the compulsory components in a moving machine. Any moving machine or vehicle needs a brake to decelerate and stop. As we want the car to go fast, we would also want the car to stop quickly and safely. Not just for a safety, the vehicle equipped with a good and consistent brake will also increase the driving pleasure. In this paper we will analyse the principle of brakes. Furthermore, we will discuss current variation of brakes system, brakes type and actuators mechanism. The aim of this paper is to discuss and understand how different automobile braking system work. In addition, we will discuss the future development system and the sustainability of the system.

The Shift in Abortion Policy in the 1800s Essay -- History Abortion Fe

The Shift in Abortion Policy in the 1800s "In 1800 no jurisdiction in the United Sates had enacted any statutes whatsoever on the subject of abortion... Yet by 1900 virtually every jurisdiction in the United States had laws upon its books that proscribed the practice sharply and declared most abortions to be criminal offenses" (Mohr p. VII). Societal Changes from the Early 1800s to the Mid 1800s During the early 1800s, abortion at the beginning of a pregnancy was neither immoral nor criminal. Common law held that before 'quickening,' the first perception of fetal movement by the mother, usually during the second trimester, the fetus was not alive or independent. After quickening abortion was a criminal offense, because the fetus had demonstrated the beginnings of independent life (Mohr p. 1). Since the point of quickening varied from woman to woman and depended upon her word, it was near impossible to prosecute criminal abortions (Mohr p. 2). Most of the laws of the early 1800s were aimed not at prosecuting women for obtaining an abortion, but rather to protect them from medical malpractice such as poisoning, physical harm, and unwanted abortions (Mohr p. 21, 28) (see mollie smith case link). Information on abortion was available to women primarily through home medical manuals and journals. Abortion information was usually available in two sections of home medical books: how to ?release obstructed menses? and ?dangers? to avoid during pregnancy. The latter section was a sort of how-to in reverse that could be effectively put to use by the reader. The most widely consulted work, Buchan's Domestic Medicine, advised emetics and a mixture of prepared steel, powdered myrrh, and aloe to ?restore menstrual flow.? Under caus... ...tives, sixth ed. Worth Publishers. 2001 Mohr, James C. Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900. Oxford University Press: New York, New York. 1978. New York Times, Aug 23 1871, Aug 27 1871, Aug 30 1871, Aug 31 1871, Oct 29 1871. Shryock, R. H. Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell. 1960 Starr, P. Medicine, "Economy and Society in Nineteenth century America," Journal of Social History. 1977. pp10, 588-607. Taverne, Dick. "The Huge Benefits of GM are being Blocked by Blind Opposition," The Guardian 3 Mar. 2004: 24. Wertz, R., and Wertz D. Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America. New York: Free Press. 1997 Wilson, Richard K. "DNA: 50 Years Later," St. Louis Post 27 Feb. 2003: B7. Zeitz, Joshua M. "The Big Lie about the Little Pill," NEED NAME OF PAPER OR JOURNAL27 Dec. 2004: A17.

How do Victorian attitudes to marriage and respectability underpin the comic elements of the importance of being Earnest? Essay

Marriage is loveless, wealth and background takes priority over most things, Algernon supports this with a quote (once again hes the rebel) Marriage is the end of freedom, Cecily wants to break free, very curious woman who looks at society differently. takes a liking to Algernon because of this. Quote below Secret lives of the boys, humour in the peter pan like qualities quote: â€Å"A man who marries without knowing Bunbury [an excuse for pleasure] has a very tedious time of it.† â€Å"I hope you have not been leading a double life, pretending to be wicked and being really good all the time.† â€Å"You won’t be able to disappear to London quite so frequently as your wicked custom was.† â€Å"I think some preliminary enquiry on my part would not be out of place.† In the importance of being Earnest written by Oscar wilde, he gives us two characters Jack and Algernon these two characters live double lives to get out of situations that they do not desire to be in, In Victorian society men and woman would have to uphold there respect and duties at all time. The two men create â€Å"Bunburying† which allows them to misbehave without upsetting there piers and letting go of their high moral standards of the upper class. Jack creates Ernest his sick brother to get out of situations that he doesn’t want to be in. Its ironic for jack as he creating a false image of himself in that people would see Jack as far more moral and responsible then he actually is. Algernon however uses â€Å"bunbury† to escape to the country side in peace, while playing it off that he is doing work for poor Christian charities, it was common for the upper class to do this in Victorian times as their moral duty however Oscar Wilde specifically gives these two men these alter egos to represent Victorian hypocrisy , From the very start the humour of both characters is shown through this light and would be humours to the contemporary audience as its true. People of that time error would of bigged themselves up in front of their peers and did things just for the sake of it. The comedic effect is how Oscar Wilde portrays this. The Victorian society above all valued duty and respect. Both men lead double lives but as long as things are done properly and they make sure that there appearance is respectable then society at the time would turn a blind eye to whatever was going on. Wilde in the play asks if it is really a concern that appearance is that important and isn’t just a trivial matter. Gwendolyn is a character that respects her value’s so much that she says â€Å"In matters of grave importance, style, not sincerity is the vital thing.† as long as it looks good to Gwendolyn and here peers that its fine. She says that the sincerity of matter just isn’t important at all. There’s humour in just how bizarre of a comment that actually is from Gwendolyn to a modern audience now that seems so absured that someone could be so obsessed by how other people view her role that she would look so far past the importance of said question or matter. Marriage is a stable for Victorian society and the author Oscar Wilde represents it in a different pure true like manor of what it would have been at the time period. Lady Bracknell is a central figure honour and respectability in the play, although every character we meet has some kind of foolish humour to them, Lady Bracknell is very witty and quick with her lines just like Algernon who coincidentally is her nephew. She is brutal with her lines, for instance when Jack has proposed she goes on to say â€Å"I think some preliminary enquiry on my part would not be out of place.† this line may not appear extremely comical but to some classes at the time it would, Jack is meant to be a upper class gentlemen who is respected by many, however the audience knows that he was born in a train station and lives a parallel life to get out of his daily responabilites. Its the background humour of society that Oscar Wilde creates which makes the whole conversation very clever but at the same time humours. Gwendolen is what seems to be a traditional woman of the time period should look and act, although Gwendolen isn’t like this she is very naturally curious. This is properly due to the fact that she has never had the chance to be free like Jack and Algernon. She says to Algernon â€Å"I hope you have not been leading a double life, pretending to be wicked and being really good all the time.† its from this line she is curious in him, she hasn’t seen what its like outside the boundary of her life and delivers a very ironic and humours line to Algernon. Gwendolen also desires to marry a man named â€Å"Earnest† she quickly falls in love with jack who she thinks is of course Earnest, she really doesn’t mind if he doesn’t possess the quality’s of someone actually called Earnest which means a seriousness which again is ironic for Jack. Furthermore Jack eventually becomes Earnest and Ernest and becomes a symbol of Victorian Hypocrisy. Oscar Wilde uses humours situations like this in his play that aren’t telling the audience to burst out laughing but to underpin the humour, the author is trying to break the mould of society and gently pushing the audience and peoples mind sets to look at how funny and at the same time how wrong the world they lived in was. He is using the humour of some situations to outline flaws. The true comedy in this play comes from how it is written and how the author takes blows at how society is working at the present moment, he never creates a conflict between the characters without humour so he can push his message across to the contemporary audience. The whole play is based around Marriage and responsibilities, from the very start to the end they are never far apart in conversation. In fact the whole play is a debate on whether or not marriage is just â€Å"Business† or â€Å"pleasure† Although I feel as if Oscar Wilde intended this message, he is constantly poking fun and using humour as a cover to take jabs at how society works and is meant to be viewed. the audience watches the whole journey of these two men which is where the comedy comes from, their views and opinions to the modern day traditional Victorian at the time would seem bizarre to an audience member and create laughter.

London Poems Essay

Wordsworth and Blake each use language in different ways to present their own view of ondon. They both reveal their feelings through their viewpoint, the way they have structured their poems and the poetic devices each of them use. Wordsworth wrote his ‘On Westminster Bridge’ on September 3rd 1802 as a result of him riding a stage coach over Westminster Bridge. Wordsworth’s view of London from Westminster Bridge is from a fair distance away because he doesn’t describe the ground level in much detail, nor does he describe people with much detail. His view of London is quite broad, â€Å"Dear God! The very houses seem asleep†. Aswell as being far away, he is also situated quite high up to get this broad view that he describes. The time of day in which the poem is set is early morning. He mentions the air being smokeless, â€Å"..in the smokeless air†. His poem suggests that he thought that London was usually a horrible,dirty and mucky place. But when he sees London’s air clear and clean, â€Å"Ne’er saw I, never felt a calm so deep!† This shows he doesn’t visit London very often. Wordsworth’s peom focuses more on the general look of London. He is more concerned with buildings and atmosphere of london rather than the details of people and their lives. ‘On Westminster Bridge’ is written in the form of a sonnet. He tells us about what he can see, â€Å"..ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples..†. His feelings at the start of the poem are more overtly shown, but the farther you read into the poem, his feelings become more apparent.The last six lines or seset shows his feelings about London and how is opinion has changed from his original view of London, â€Å"Dear God!†. He is suprised how differnt London can look. In addition, William Wordsworth uses various poetic devices to make his sonnet have more depth and feeling and to create a picture in the readers mind of how London used to be in his eyes. He uses similes, â€Å"The city now doth, like a garment†. He is trying to make it easier for the reader to create an image in their head by saying one thing is like another. The poem also has personification included, â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will†, â€Å"The very houses seem asleep†. One other example is â€Å"The sun in his first splendour†. The personification that he uses gives the pictures in your head some animation by saying that they have human characteristics. Wordsworth also uses symbolism, â€Å"And all that the mighty heart is lying still†. All these methods are each in turn creating images in the reader’s head. Overall, Wordsworth’s poem is a more general view with a change in his point of view within the poem. Blake on the otherhand writes from a very different point of view. he form os his peom differs from Wordsworths. Blake focuses on the people in the city and they are like. Blake’s view is from ground level so includes a lot more detail. Because Blake’s view is much closer than Wordsworth’s, Blake’s view point is much narrower. Blake takes a much closer look at peoples lives and he thinks that this is the key to what London is all about, the people. Blake generally employs different peotic devices from Wrodsworth’s to put across his point of view on London. Blake uses repetition to emphasize his view on London and to try and make it look as if everyone is the same. It also has some metaphors too, â€Å"Mind-forged manacles† and â€Å"..plagues the marriage hearse†. The Blake poem uses hyperbole to criticize London and the sadness and malice of the people who live their. Blake’s London brutally painted is a dark, dirty, disease ridden and deprived place. Unlike the Wordsworth poem, it leaves you in no doubt as to the authors feelings on the subject. Blake’s poem conveys his feelings in a more abstract style, when he uses the people and buildings of London to represent the institutions which they are associated with. He uses the image of a church to criticise religious establishments and a palace to signify the state, and authorities who control it. He gives the image of the â€Å"Soldier’s sigh running in blood down palace-walls†. Here he is attacking the monarchy and government for condemning young men to death by sending them off to fight in foreign wars. Wordsworth and Blake each have different views on London. Wordsworth shows how nice,warm and calm London can look in the early morning, proving people wrong that its not always grimy and dirty. However Blake’s poem is more against London, trying to prove that it makes people miserable and that everyone feels the same way. Both these poems, in my opinion, share feelings of concern and disgust for London. If i had to pick which one I prefered I would choose the Blake poem. This is because the meaning of the words is more clearcut. I accept the point of view of Wordsworth, how it can be clean and not always dirty and horrible as some may think.

Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and “Marketweb” separately from Nixon The WritePass Journal

Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† separately from Nixon Introduction Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† separately from Nixon IntroductionThe tortuous liability of NixonBibliography Related Introduction If Llewellyn is to stand any chance of success he must firstly prove that: (i) That the parties involved owed him a duty of care, (ii) that the parties were in breach of this duty;(iii) that those relevant breaches caused Llewellyn’s damage, both in fact and in law, and; (iv) that the law will allow the recovery of any losses Llewellyn may have incurred. It is convenient to examine the success or otherwise of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† separately from Nixon. The general principle with regards to the establishment of a duty of care is the neighbor principle as formulated in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932]: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"One must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.† The scope of this principle was expanded considerably by Lord Wilberforce in Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] with the introduction of a two tier test. The effect of this two tier test was to expand considerably the scope of the tort of negligence, but the test has been the subject of much judicial criticism, having being overruled on its facts by the House of Lords in Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1990]. In Murphy the House noted that reservations had been expressed regarding the two-tier test and stated a preference for the incremental approach of Brennan J in Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman [1985]. It was this approach, suggests J Convery, that ultimately led to the modern formulation of the duty of care in Caparo Industries Pcl v Dickman [1990]. However, the courts have been reluctant to impose a duty of care with regards to the careless making of statements as opposed to liability for careless acts. Despite this, in Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964] the House of Lords held that a duty to take care in making statements could arise. Normal Donoghue principles were not to be applied as a strict application of these principles would have led to too great a liability. Instead, it was held that a duty of care would arise where there was a special relationship between the parties. For such a relationship to arise: (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The representor must have a special skill. (ii)   The representee must reasonably rely on the misrepresentation. (iii)   The defendant must have some special knowledge of the type of transaction in question: eg Smith v Eric Bush [1989] It is these criteria which must be utilised in assessing the respective positions of the parties alongside more modern criteria which will be discussed later. As regards the first criteria, it is clear that Josiah, an investments advisor and the long-standing chair of the planning committee, possesses a special skill, as does Kelly being a countryside planning ambassador. Although the Privy Council in Mutual Life v Evatt [1971] took a narrow view of this criterion, the Court of Appeal has followed the more â€Å"liberal minority† view:Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976]; Howard Marine and Dredging v Ogden [1978]. As Lord Denning MR stated, when distinguishing Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] in Esso; special skill could manifest itself in the fact that the parties are not â€Å"equally able to form an opinion†. Therefore it is submitted that Kelly, Josiah and Marketweb satisfy the first criteria of the threefold test. Establishing the second criteria is potentially problematic. The Privy Council has, again, taken a very narrow view of this criterion: Royal Bank Trust v Pampellonne [1987 . However W.A Seavey proposes a somewhat simplified approach; that it is reasonable to rely on a person who â€Å"possesses more than the normal knowledge† in any given area of expertise. If this submission is to be accepted then, again it appears that the second criterion is satisfied with respect to all three parties. It should also be noted that if such reliance is absent, the plaintiff may, in exceptional cases, rely on ordinary Donohue principles as was established in Ross v Caunters [1980]; White v Jones [1993]. However it appears from the facts that this is not appropriate. As regards the third criteria, it is submitted that the facts indicate Josiah and Marketweb have prima facie special knowledge of property transactions. Kelly, however does not appear to have special knowledge of property transactions, therefore it is submitted that she does not owe Llewellyn a duty of care as regards any negligent misstatements, and any action against her is likely to fail. In addition it is likely that the â€Å"fair and reasonable† requirement laid out in Caparo. Lord Bingham commented: 1)  Ã‚   â€Å"The requirement cannot, perhaps, be better put than it was by Weintraub C.J. in Goldberg v Housing Authority of the City of Newark (1962):Whether a duty exists is ultimately a question of fairness. The inquiry involves a weighing of the relationship of the parties, the nature of the risk, and the public interest in the proposed solution.† Based on this analysis, it seems unfair to impose a duty with respect to â€Å"friends†.   Indeed this is the position occupied by C Witting,whilst the opposite, he contends, can be said for relationships of a business nature. It is thus submitted that based on the three criteria, Josiah owes Llewellyn a duty of care as regards any negligent statements he may make. Although it appears that Marketweb may be in the same position, recent case law may indicate otherwise; modern case law seems to prefer tests based on proximity of relationship in conjunction with a requirement that the duty imposed is fair and reasonable: Jain v Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009] The case of Patchett v Swimming Pool and Allied Trades Association Ltd. [2009] is closely analogous to the present facts. The claimants were looking to build a swimming pool and they (the claimants) came across the website of the Swimming Pool Allied Trades Association and the works duly commenced. Prior to complet ion, the secondary retailer became insolvent and ceased trading, leaving the works unfinished.   The dispute between the parties arises out of statements made on SPATAs website: it stated that â€Å"installation will be completed fully to SPATA Standards come what may!†.In court, Worster J held that SPATA did not owe the Patchetts a duty of care in making certain statements on its website. The essential reason given was that while the defendant no doubt knew that the representations on their website would likely be acted upon, it would not expect consumers to do so without further enquiry. The court found that the third criteria necessary for establishing a relationship between the maker of a statement and the recipient who relies on that statement, as set out in the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller, was not satisfied: â€Å"It is known, either actually or inferentially, that the advice [or representation] is likely to be acted upon by the advisee without independent inquiry.† It is submitted then, that the same principles can be applied to the facts at hand. Although Marketweb would have expected consumers to act upon their advice, they would not expect consumers to do so without further enquiry. Thus, it could be argued that, despite fulfilling the three criteria stated above, the third criteria for the original Hedley Byrne v Heller test is not satisfied. Therefore it is submitted that Marketweb does not owe Llewellyn a duty of care as regards any negligent misstatements they may make, and any action by Llewellyn is likely to fail on this basis.   Having established the respective positions of the parties as regards duty of care, it is now necessary to examine if they are in breach of that duty. In the case of all three parties, it is submitted that any negligent misstatements would arise from the omission to mention the development of the club complex despite the lodging of the plans two years prior. The issue of an omission rendering a statement negligent was cogently examined in Banque Financiere de Late Cite CA v Westgate Insurance Co [1989]where it was stated: 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Can a mere failure to speak ever give rise to liability in negligence under Hedley Byrne principles? In our view it can, but subject to the all-important proviso that there has been on the facts a voluntary assumption of responsibility in the relevant sense, and a reliance on that assumption† It was generally established that with regards to careless acts the law will impose liability, but it will not impose liability in respect of omissions; see for example the speech of Lord Goff in Smith v Littlewoods Organisation [1871] where his lordship stated this general rule and identified four exceptions. By analogy, in negligent misstatement, one might assume while liability may arise in respect of a negligent misstatement, no liability will arise from a failure to speak. Essentially, the statement from Banque Financiere de Late Cite CA v Westgate Insurance Co [1989] states that no liability will attach to a failure to speak subject to just one exception, namely where there has been a voluntary assumption of responsibility and reliance upon that assumption. One may begin by asking what the Court of Appeal meant by the phrase ‘voluntary assumption of responsibility’, as in Smith v Eric Bush [1989] the House of Lords rejected the view stated in Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964], that a duty of care with regard to negligent misstatement (a spoken misstatement) arose from a voluntary assumption of responsibility and this view was repeated by the House of Lords in Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990]. In Smith it was said that the phrase â€Å"assumption of responsibility† can only have any meaning if it is understood as referring to the circumstances in which the lawwill have deemed the maker of the statement to have assumed responsibility to the person who acts on the advice, and by amending the â€Å"voluntary† element, essentially has turned the test from a subjective to an objective one. Thus, what was said in Banque Finaciere could be rephrased by saying that a failure to speak can give rise to liability only where the duty to speak arises. It then seems appropriate to apply this interpretation to the facts at hand; that is an omission to speak. It is thus submitted that the law would impose such a duty on Josiah, given the ruling in Ried v Rush Tompkins [1990]. In this case Ralph Gibson LJ stated that a duty not to cause economic loss may be owed even without an assumption of responsibility by the person giving advice or reliance by the person receiving it, although both May LJ and Neil LJ reserved their opinions on this point. Therefore, it is submitted that Josiah is in breach of his duty to Llewellyn. It is clear from the facts of the question that the loss suffered by Llewellyn is pure economic loss. It must therefore be considered in which situations the law will allow for such loss. As W Bishop states â€Å"the law of torts severely restricts recovery by a plaintiff for financial losses suffered in consequence of the negligent conduct of the defendant†. The traditional approach of the courts was to deny recovery of economic loss that was not consequent upon damage to the person or property of the plaintiff: Spartan Steel Alloys v Martin [1973]. However, in Junior Books v Veitchi [1983]the House of Lords allowed recovery for economic loss suffered by the plaintiff when a firm of contractors, with whom the plaintiff had no contractual relationship, laid a floor defectively. It was held that there was such a relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and the defendant that the plaintiff owed the defendant a duty of care to avoid economic loss. Junior Books was decided when the two-tier test of Lord Wilberforce in Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] was still used to determine the existence of a duty of care and the House of Lords relied heavily on the fact that the plaintiff had nominated the defendant to lay the floor and had relied on the defendant to carry out his work properly, that this reliance was known to the defendants and that the damage was a direct and foreseeable result of the defendants’ negligence. Interestingly, Lord Brandon dissented on the grounds that the decision effectively created contractual obligations while circumventing contractual concepts such as privity and consideration. Subsequent cases have not followed Junior Books; in parallel with the retreat from Anns, which formed the basis for Junior Books, the latter case had been the subject of much judicial criticism. In Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities [1986] Junior Books was not followed and in Aswan Engineering Establishment v Lupdine [1987] it was said that â€Å"where the defect renders the product less valuable the plaintiffs remedy lies in contract, and where the defect creates a danger to others the remedy lies in Tort† and that Junior Books was the â€Å"first to cross this line†. In DF Estates v Church Commissioners [1989] Lord Bridge stated that the consensus of judicial opinion seemed to be that Junior Books can not be regarded as laying down any general principle. In Simaan General Contracting v Pilkington (no 2) [1988]Dillon LJ went even further and said that the case had been subject to so much discussion and analysis that the case cannot be regarded as a useful pointer to any development of law. Given the extensive criticism of Junior Books, Llewellyn must be advised that there is little chance of successfully suing Josaih in Tort for the economic loss he has suffered. Dependant on the facts of the question, a remedy may lie in contract. The tortuous liability of Nixon As mentioned previously, the courts have been reluctant to impose a duty of care as regards the careless making of statements as opposed to liability for careless acts.   Applying the three fold test laid out in Hedley (as regards negligent misstatements) to the facts of the question, it appears that none of the constituent categories are satisfied when considering Nixon. It is not evident that, besides being a â€Å"renowned gossip†, Nixon posses any special skills, and it is likewise submitted that he does not have any special knowledge of the transaction in question.   In addition to this, if Nixon is a â€Å"renowned gossip†, then it is submitted that Llewellyn cannot be said to reasonably rely upon his statements, thus failing to fulfil the third requirement of the Hedley Byrne v Heller test. The use of Twitter by Nixon also raises issues with regards to his liability. In Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990] the House of Lords considered the situation where a person puts a statement into general circulation, as opposed to the situation where the defendant is aware of the transaction the plaintiff contemplated, knew the advice would be communicated to the Plaintiff and knew it was likely that the plaintiff would rely on this advice (as, for example in Smith v Eric Bush [1989]). In the former case it was held that no duty would arise as the essential requirement of proximity was missing. It is submitted that this principle can be likewise applied to the present facts. Finally, it is clear from the language in Nixon’s tweet is couched in that of an opinion. As Steven J. Weingarten states: the plaintiffs reliance on a statement will generally not be seen as justifiable if he relies on an opinion as opposed to a statement of fact†. It is therefore concluded that based on the principles discussed, any action taken by Llewellyn against Nixon is likely to fail. Bibliography W. Bishop â€Å"Economic Loss in Tort† 2(1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (1982) J. Convery, â€Å"Public or Private? Duty of Care in a Statutory Framework: Stovin v Wise in the House of Lords† 60 (4) Modern Law Review (1997) P. Fargo, â€Å"Current Legislation, Decisions, and Publications†17 Forum 533 (1981-1982) A.L. Goodhart, â€Å"Liability for Innocent but Negligent Misrepresentations† 74(2) Yale Law Journal (1967) W.A. Seavey, â€Å"Principles of Torts† 56 Harvard Law Review (1943) S.J. Weingarten, â€Å"Tort Liability for Nonlibelous Negligent Statements† 93(4) Yale Law Journal (1984) C. Witting, â€Å"Duty of care: An analytical approach† 25 (1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (2005)

Multiculturalism and its benefits.

Multiculturalism and its benefits. Multiculturalism(Introduction)The word multiculturalism has been touted and expounded on for many years. This is due to extensive immigration as well as to the world becoming a much smaller place because of communication technology, world travel and international trade. It obviously has some importance in our society and its benefits would probably not be quite as appreciated if we could see a time and a place where such a practice was not encouraged.(Body)(1.Trade Investment)Multiculturalism encourages good relations with different nationalities be they local students, foreign students, visiting workers or visiting trade officials. Even immigrants with relatives and friends overseas provide good trade and investment contacts. Better trade relations ensures the exchange of different goods, this is important where vital imports like wheat and electronics is concerned.The influx of overseas investment is necessary in the growth of our local industries and this cannot be done if other nations hear about our poor civic race relations, particularly towards people who had originated from their shores.Australia realized this uncomfortable fact when certain conservative politicians made speeches sanctioning a whiter country with less tolerance for ethnic migrants. Its Asian neighbours responded by sending less students and making less business investments.(2.Science Education)The learning of different technologies from other countries and the import of talented professional foreigners is a practice that the United States, Japan and Singapore have executed with positive impact. In both countries there exist a group of highly skilled expatriate workers, quite a few who have decided to permanently make these countries their home. Also, the employment of foreign professors and the attendance of foreign graduate students raises the level of information exchange and technical knowledge of universities.The learning of different cultures in the area of history, literature, s cience and...

Free sample - Why I want to be a Doctor. translation missing

Why I want to be a Doctor. Why I want to be a DoctorBecoming a successful doctor and touching on the lives of many people seems to be my main objective in life. The drive towards this course in life is derived from a number of factors that are worth mentioning at this point. First, my past experience as a child spells clearly on the reasons why I want to become a doctor with specialization in gynecology. The passion for helping other people started early in life when I was still a child. Playing as a doctor was my favorite during those early childhood pleasures and I always enjoyed handling my play patients who were friends, animals and dolls with a lot of love and tenderness. I was also good in handling pregnant women and babies because they seemed to be very delicate and deserving a lot of care. I always had a strong feeling that I could heel my patients because I understood what they were going through. Naturally I  Ã‚   have a liking for life on earth be it for animals or humans; and I would do anything to protect it. I believe that I can make important contributions towards improving the health and medical services of other people in the society. Secondly my personal experiences have also provided impetus in my desire to pursue a medical profession. My own blood brother suffered severe migraines that really affected his early life. He was forced to spend weeks in a darkened room and almost gave up with education. This particular experience really broke my heart as I just wished to bring him back to his normal life. Personal touch with babies in hospitals during medical tours and other events have really influenced my attitude towards sick babies. I have had a baby cousin who suffered from neuroblastoma cancer during infantry and it really broke my heart. The problem started as a lump in her spine that was later diagnosed as a cancer. The cancer culminated into a paralysis on the lower waist. The paralysis had a great impact on her   as evidenced by the walking difficulties she encountered later on. The picture of her on the hospital bed with artificial tubes touched my life and triggered my passion to assist such cases. At local and national hospitals I have participated in future Doctor programs. The tours in these facilities have provided hand-on experience with operations and equipments that have shaped my curiosity to learn more. Successful Doctors have also encouraged me to follow the medical path in the course of our interactions in the hospitals. A terrible first encounter as an ob/gyn has always motivated me into making a difference in the medical profession. This particularly concerns Doctors who had weak skills and showed no empathy to patients. In light of this unfortunate incidence, I have vowed to be different and make good connections with people in the course of helping to address their medical challenges. In my professional career I have a desire to bring significant changes in the provision of medicare for pregnant women and babies. As already indicated these people are delicate and deserve the best care. Reducing mortality rates of infants in my country would be part of my strategy in my medical profession. Cases of negligence and lack of empathy amongst some doctors have really disheartened me and I am really determined to be more caring compassionate in bringing great care to mothers and babies. I have a strong conviction that such an accomplishment would bring meaning not only to me but to other people in the society. By recognizing the innocence in babies and participating in welcoming them to the world I would make important contributions to our future generations. Skills and knowledge acquired in the course of studying medicine would eventually trickle down to the entire society with the practice of the profession in various health facilities. Given the opportunity I would put in all my efforts and leave a legacy that would remain in the minds of many for the rest of their lives. Finally it is important to re affirm that I have a strong calling to pursue this cause so as to help other people and bring change in the society in terms of infant and maternity care. This dream can only be actualized if I am granted the opportunity to study for the course in your institution.

Global Competitive Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Competitive Strategy - Essay Example In order to vie in the competitive global food market, Delhaize adopted competitive marketing strategies in virtually all its business functions. The group has attained the ability to attract and retain qualified organizational personnel for all of its business needs. This provides them with competitive strength over rival firms in the industry to produce and supply quality products at reduced cost. (1). Dynamic growth in regional markets and retail concepts: The group identified the significant growth opportunity in the USA, Belgium, Central and Southern European and South East Asian markets and started building new supermarket stores in these areas. The growth strategy of the group is mainly based on starting new supermarket stores in important business locations in selected areas. The remodeling and enlargement of existing stores are continuously been carried out in order to maintain customer preferences and retain product viability of the stores. (2). Promote innovation and the use of technology: Delhaize Group is considered as the innovator in the food retail market. It is the pioneer of self service supermarket in continental Europe. The Food Lion in the Group introduced everyday low price concept in food retailing business and gets higher level customer acceptance. Adoption of innovative technology in production and marketing renders competitive edge to Delhaize. The Group introduced self scanning system in their super market stores and it facilitates extra convenience to customers and suppliers. Introduction of loyalty cards in the business provides high growth in the business transactions of Delhaize. The loyalty card holders contribute a major share of their total sales revenue. This scheme has proved successful in the market as it motivates the card holders to depend on the supplier for all market needs. Setting up of business- to- business exchange (B2B) system in the business operations is highly beneficial to the g roup to transact its

Analyze marketing strategy on article Research Paper

Analyze marketing strategy on article - Research Paper Example In this essay, attention will be focused upon the marketing strategy that apple has used in order for it to be a successful business venture (Smith, Pulford & Berry, 2006). Looking at the marketing strategy, it is clear to anyone that the success of apple is because of the marketing strategy that they use. The product line and the design standards of their products is far too appealing and very user friendly. Using the marketing strategy, they have been able to hold on to their customers and are still attracting more customers with their products. This marketing strategy was used by apple because they want to have an appealing effect and affect on the consumer. Their product lines and designs are unique, and it is because of CEO’s philosophy that they have managed to come this far. The philosophy, which states â€Å"The user doesn’t always know what they want†, has enabled the company to be successful. The marketing strategy that the company uses is user friendly , economical, unique in its own sense and offers a variety of choices for consumers. The marketing strategy in question offers the best service and products availability, quantity and quality and enables the company to deliver to its numerous consumers and users (Schneiders, 2011).   2. The marketing strategy on this article is perfect. ... First of all, they ignored their critics. Critics are those who do not favor the success of the company and do not see the business succeeding (Viardot, 2004). Through the company’s marketing strategies, critics saw their views fail as the company has become successful more than it was before. Ignoring the critics was one way through which success came to find its way in the company. Apple is a company that mainly deals with the appearance of their products. From the iPads, iPhones and iPods, apple has managed to attract customers because they have put attention on the detail of their products (Schneiders, 2011). Their products are ordinary, but through their marketing strategy, they have managed to turn these ordinary products into something worth praise. The details of their products are more than standard. They have pioneered their products into something worth note and have reinvented their products into something more credible. Products like the iMac, Macbook Air and the iPhone 4 are some of the products that are worth noting. These products have been created with the intention of pleasing customers and users (Viardot, 2004).   Another aspect that was taken into consideration by the company is their pricing. The pricing of a product is very important when it comes to ensuring that the company’s products acquire market. Strategic pricing of a product makes a difference between a company’s success and failure. Pricing of a commodity is significant since it offers a foundation for the products of a company to be available in the market. It is through the pricing of products that consumers and user are retained while still managing to attract more

Government of the Peoples Republic of China Essay

Government of the Peoples Republic of China - Essay Example An assessment of how majority of the stakeholders (the Chinese living in the countryside) benefit from the economic growth of the PROC is essential to qualify the success of being a world power of the developing country. Therefore, a grasp of the policies is important for policies are statements on how the Chinese leadership grapples issues. Moreover, the timeline of this research is beginning from the crucial years of 1978-1979, the time when Maoist China became Dengist. The establishment of the PROC in 1949 heralded a victory for the proletariat's struggle. Many in this working class are farmers who were mostly concentrated in rural China. Hence, it is understandable that development of the agriculture sector and the rural areas remains a priority in a largely agricultural country. In the early years of the People's Republic, in which Mao Zedong was the leader, the principle of collective agriculture was the primary basis in settling policy incongruity. "Ideological imperatives ensured that under Mao, the underlying policy dilemma was resolved through the establishment of a collective agriculture" (Ash 2001, p. 91). Utilizing agriculture to gain surplus was an important element to industrialize, indeed, "the e"the essential developmental role of agriculture is to generate a surplus, albeit one that assumes various forms. A basic imperative is to produce a real surplus: of food, especially for industrial workers and their urban dependants; of raw materials for light industry; and of exports in order to earn foreign exchange" (Ash 2001, p. 77). Labour development was the most evident result and was parallel to agricultural and rural development in Maoist China. "In general, the process of agricultural collectivization was instrumental in providing an institutional framework that went some way toward maximizing rural employment opportunities, albeit at the expense of waste, inefficiency, and the concealment of large numbers of surplus farm laborers"(Ash 2001, p. 78). Mao's death in 1976 provided an avenue for the moderates led by Deng Xiaoping. Modernization of agriculture remained one of the four top agendas, though Deng opted to achieve this by gradually employing an open system. "The ultimate thrust of agricultural policy since 1978 has been to transform China's farm sector from a supply-orientated to a market-responsive, demand-oriented system" (Ash 2001, p. 83). Furthermore, some capitalist aspects were injected to policies in developing agriculture and rural sector under the brand of "Socialism with Chinese characteristics." "In ancillary farming activities (research, irrigation, crop spraying, processing) there does exist considerable potential to realize scale economies and secure the benefits of cooperation. Typically, capitalist agriculture is characterized by the use of small manpower units devoted to the main farm tasks, combined with a significant degree of cooperation in such activities. Farm policy in China during the post-Mao period has increasingly sought to provide institutions that would preserve these valuable aspects of

SAINT AUGUSTINE'S CONFESSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SAINT AUGUSTINE'S CONFESSION - Essay Example First, Monica’s outstanding obedience to her husband influenced Augustines conversion. Second, Monica introduced her son to Ambrose, who would later baptize him. Finally, Monica compelled and encouraged Augustine to attend school that shaped his life and would culminate in him becoming a priest. Monica played a significant role in the conversion of Patricius (Augustine’s father) and Augustine. Initially, both Patricius and Augustine were not believing in Christ but finally were saved through the influence of Monica. Monica prayed to God on behalf of her husband’s soul and Augustine. Augustine recounted that Monica, â€Å"With a pure heart and faith in you she even more lovingly travailed in labor for my eternal salvation.†1 This follows that Monica vowed not to stop at nothing but to see a Catholic Christian Augustine. The mother took time praying and laboring while serving the Lord so as to send grace upon his son and get saved. Augustine wonders how his parents lived harmoniously with each other. Monica was a God fearing individual and served her husband as her lord with care to her children. Her virtuous traits bear witness to the Christian life, which make a strong impression on Augustine. She significantly inspires Augustine to grow as a God fearin g individual ultimately leading to his Christian conversion. My physical mother was distraught. With a pure hear and faith in you she even more lovingly travailed in labor for my eternal salvation. She hastily made arrangements for me to be initiated and washed in the sacraments of salvation, confessing you, Lord Jesus, for remission of sins. But suddenly I recovered. My cleansing was deferred on the assumption that, if I lived, I would be sure to soil myself; and after that solemn washing the quilt would be greater and more dangerous if then defiled myself with sins2. From the block quote above, we further realize how Monica was determined to ensure his son did not die a sinner.

The Caribbean Mosaic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Caribbean Mosaic - Essay Example Sir Roland Sanders reports: 2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the three options open to Puerto Rico; statehood, independence, or continuation of commonwealth status. Which do you think is the most advantageous choice for the people of Puerto Rico? Why? Puerto Rican voters, who elect a governor for the island, have tended to favour parties that support the union with the US. Puerto Ricans do not pay US income tax, and the island receives federal funds. The Puerto Ricans can come to the mainland to work and go to school like any American citizen. Independence is the worst option. If Puerto Rico became an independent country, then the American government would not longer have any duties to protect or supplement the new government. The commonwealth status is the best. Puerto Rico still benefits from the United States help, while having their government. The BBC relates: The Popular Democratic Party was at that time in favour of maintaining Puerto Ricos commonwealth status, whereas the New Progressive Party of Mr Acevedos rival for the governorship, Pedro Rossello, favoured full integration into the US as the 51st state. Basically the Puerto Ricans can be American citizens, have the backing of the United States, but still govern themselves. This allows them to have every benefit of being an American, but with fewer drawbacks. 3. C.L.R. James writes: â€Å"The Sugar Plantation has been the most civilizing as well as the most demoralizing influence in West Indian development†. Do you think this is true, partially true, or false? Explain, using examples, either from the course or from your own experience or reading, to support your argument. I believe this statement is only partially true. A colonizing nation civilizing a native culture does not mean making them better or more civilized. This movement was more than influential. It means making natives change until they

Unionization in the United States Research Paper

Unionization in the United States - Research Paper Example The most vibrant unions in the United States are usually among the public sector workers including doctors, teachers, police etc. They often targets on issues relating to the agreement and right on wages and increment on wages or if management tends to violate the laws and agreement on the rights of employees according to the contract. History of unionization in the United States: As the United States very rapidly developed various inventions and innovations, so it developed quite fast. Soon the State had been converted from a mere agricultural to a big industrial state. This change in the United States awakened the need for more and more laborers to handle the industries. these laborers were those people who were usually looked down upon in the society and the strong and powerful employers would advantage from the condition of the poor laborers and therefore, would mistreat them and take extra work, beyond their physical capabilities. Therefore, this is how the labor unions started to form so as to stand against the management to give the required right of the co-worker. Moreover, there even was a wage-bargain issue and above all, the major issue which was considered by workers at that time was the prolonged work hours which would result in workers making endless and extremely tiring efforts. The labor unions in the United States started as a protest against the long working hours. The working hours would not at all be convenient and hence this fact was realized in the 19th century and a step towards a protest was taken in the 1820s. During this period, the workers combined together to form a team to reduce the work hours from 12 hours to 10 working hours. Legislation to these workers was granted in 1837. Formation of the first labor union in the United States: According to the Illinois labor History society, after imposing this law, even then the employers would take extra work and wrong advantage of their desperate workers. The workers were poor and quite weak in power as compared to their highly strengthened employers. They realized they could not do anything alone. Therefore the minor labor unions of small cities decided to combine with the labor unions of other cities as well and form a large labor union. This is how the first labor union came into being in 1886. The first labor union was named as the â€Å"National Labor Union† (NLU). Formation of other labor unions in the United States: The working hours had now been reduced to 10 hours from 12 hours. Even this decrease was not enough for them, so, in 1886, the Nation Labor Union campaigned to reduce the work hours to a more convenient, manageable and less tiring 8 work hours. Then onwards, now labor groups started to fo rm in that era. These new labor unions included: â€Å"Knights of Labor†. â€Å"American Federation of Labor† (AFL). The founder of American federation labor was Samuel Gompers. Devaluation of the labor unions and their protest against it: As the Industrial Revolution came into soaring mechanism, the requirement for laborers once more amplified. This period was also noticeable by mass colonization numbers, which enlarged the number of laborers in the labor group. This also caused the value of the individual worker to diminish. This was due to some of the laborers, who were unskilled or not deserving were allowed to be replaced by the hard working and the

The Caribbean Mosaic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Caribbean Mosaic - Essay Example Sir Roland Sanders reports: 2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the three options open to Puerto Rico; statehood, independence, or continuation of commonwealth status. Which do you think is the most advantageous choice for the people of Puerto Rico? Why? Puerto Rican voters, who elect a governor for the island, have tended to favour parties that support the union with the US. Puerto Ricans do not pay US income tax, and the island receives federal funds. The Puerto Ricans can come to the mainland to work and go to school like any American citizen. Independence is the worst option. If Puerto Rico became an independent country, then the American government would not longer have any duties to protect or supplement the new government. The commonwealth status is the best. Puerto Rico still benefits from the United States help, while having their government. The BBC relates: The Popular Democratic Party was at that time in favour of maintaining Puerto Ricos commonwealth status, whereas the New Progressive Party of Mr Acevedos rival for the governorship, Pedro Rossello, favoured full integration into the US as the 51st state. Basically the Puerto Ricans can be American citizens, have the backing of the United States, but still govern themselves. This allows them to have every benefit of being an American, but with fewer drawbacks. 3. C.L.R. James writes: â€Å"The Sugar Plantation has been the most civilizing as well as the most demoralizing influence in West Indian development†. Do you think this is true, partially true, or false? Explain, using examples, either from the course or from your own experience or reading, to support your argument. I believe this statement is only partially true. A colonizing nation civilizing a native culture does not mean making them better or more civilized. This movement was more than influential. It means making natives change until they

An Effective Counsellor Essay Example for Free

An Effective Counsellor Essay Counsellors should continually assess their own feelings and needs to maintain an appropriate relationship with the client. There are issues that a counsellor should be aware of when doing a self-assessment; The counsellor should be aware of when they feel uncomfortable with a client or a topic being discussed. The counsellor must choose to either be honest with the discomfort of a situation or topic, or they may refer the client to another counsellor. The counsellor should be aware of their own avoidance strategies. The counsellor must be able to recognize when they avoid certain topics, or allow distractions and then find an effective way to facilitate help appropriately. The counsellor should be able to recognize when they are trying to control a situation. It is important that the counsellor engage in responsive listening so that theyre not controlling the communication process. The counsellor must remind themselves continuously that any issue being discussed has many perspectives and that theirs may be different, from that of the clients. It is important not to express whether the clients view is right or wrong. The counsellor must avoid being omnipotent. It is not the counsellors job to make the client better. It is the counsellors job to help facilitate the client in addressing and resolving the issues. It is also important that the counsellor identifies and responds to positive feelings, and that they dont just focus on negative ones. This provides balance for the client and allows them to amplify positive strengths in their lives. Lastly, the counsellor must keep in mind to never ask a question, or discuss a 1 topic that you would not be able to discuss in a similar situation. These issues should always be addressed when a Counsellor is engaging in a self-assessment. By completing a self-assessment I was able to address my values, skills, attributes and my interests. I identified that while I am not a judgemental person, I do hold values that if not addressed prior to a situation could cause myself to become close-minded and that would ultimately put a barrier up in my ability to help the client. I also was able to identify how I can use my skills and attributes to counsel my clients in a positive manner. I have identified that I try to find a positive in all situations but I dont ever be-little the seriousness of the topic at hand. With a self-assessment I am able to recognize when and how to communicate appropriately with a client. The individuals I support will be able to discuss issues with me and feel comfortable knowing that I dont judge or assume things about them. Both my verbal and non-verbal skills will make this evident to the client. As a registered Developmental Service Worker I could be taking on a role as a counsellor where self-assessment is crucial as it is important to be able to identify when or if I am not dealing with a situation or topic appropriately. I will use the skill of self-assessment in any other role whether that be taking on a position as a Personal Support Worker or working in a group home. It is important that I am able to identify my strengths and weaknesses when it comes to helping a client and that I am able to do so in a way that is prudent. It is also important to continually perform a self-assessment as situations change or evolve. A counsellor who understands how they communicate and who has self-awareness is likely to be more effective in helping the client, then those who are not aware of these issues. Counsellors who are able to identify aspects such as if a topic being discussed makes them feel uncomfortable, if the topic goes against their own values or beliefs, if it is causing different emotions in themselves and why that may be, if they are projecting these feelings and whether or not they are really listening to the 2 client. Continual self-awareness is crucial to the development of the counsellor and their ability to help the client.

Current Environmental Laws Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

Current Environmental Laws Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay There are different laws which are provided for the environment. These are created for the preservation, conservation and protection of the natural resources of the Philippines. Some are intended to preserve, protect and secure human health and our natural environment just like the pollution control laws. Some of these laws will be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. Philippine Environmental Policy (P.D. 1151) defines the general policies on the pursuit of a better quality of life for the present and future generations and mandates the undertaking the environmental impact assessments for all projects, which may significantly affect the environment. Philippine Environmental Policy (P.D. 1152) defines the policy objectives and the strategies for the various aspects of environmental management, such as air and water quality management, natural source development, land management, and waste management. It launches a comprehensive national program of environmental protection and management, with reference to policies and standards of noise, air quality, water quality, classification of water and waste management. Pollution Control Law (P.D. 984) Stating that it is imperative to strengthen the National Pollution Control Commission (since subsumed by the DENR) to best protect the people from the growing menace of environmental pollution, President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 984, otherwise known as the National Pollution Control Decree of 1976. The Decree was effective up until its repeal under the Clean Water Act of 2004. This law prevents possible pollution that different commercial and industrial businesses may give to the environment. It provides guidelines for the proper discharge of sewage or industrial waste. The Solid Waste Management Act of 2001(R.A. 9003) an act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes. This law ensures that there is proper disposal and management of wastes in different areas of our country. There are penalties for those who will break the rules provided by this law. It ensures the protection of the public health. When we conducted a research in Bakakeng Norte last semester, about their solid waste management, we learned that there is a program MRF or the material recovery facility that they are doing. Each barangay of Baguio city are doing this. This law is very helpful not only for the environment but also to the people. Water Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1067) adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the use of water in commercial, industrial and residential areas. It also provides other policy guidelines in water quality and management of water resources. This law is very important. It is a tool in ensuring proper management and use of water. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275) is an act providing a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes. This law ensures and secures the health of every citizen of our country. It ensures proper management of water resources and water quality management in all bodies of water of the Philippines. Water Pollution Control P.D. 600 (amended by P.D. 979) prohibits the discharge of oil, noxious liquid substances, and other harmful substances into the countrys inland and territorial waters. Climate Change Act of 2009 (R.A. 9729) an act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission, and for other purposes. Presidential Decree No. 953 is a law requiring the planting of trees in certain places and penalizing unauthorized cutting, destruction, damaging and injuring of certain trees, plants and vegetation. The Forestry Reform Code P.D. 389 (P.D. 705) codifies updates and raises forestry laws in the country. It emphasizes the sustainable utilization of forest resources. Its function is to conserve the public forests of the nation, protect and preserve national parks and provide agricultural land for the people. Presidential Decree No. 953 is a law requiring the planting of trees in certain places and penalizing unauthorized cutting, destruction, damaging and injuring of certain trees, plants and vegetation. Sanitation Code (P.D. 856) places the responsibility in the local government units for the solid waste management in his area of production. It prohibits the improper disposal of garbage 2)How Hospitality Tourism Management is affected by the current environmental laws? Environmental laws are very important in hospitality and tourism industry. They serve as guidelines in putting up businesses. These laws provide penalties for every violation that they may commit. Without these laws, there will be overuse and degradation of natural resources. These laws should be considered by tourism industries before putting up their businesses. These laws set wall or limitation for tourism but compliance with these leads to conservation of our environment and we are not only helping the environment but actually the whole humanity since we are the number one who benefits the gifts of our natural resources. The environmental laws give ideas to the hospitality and tourism employees on how to have a successful operation of their businesses. They help in creating good path to success. These laws remind tourism industries that success is not only having a good relationship with the customers they have but also having a good relationship with the environment and cooperation with the government. 3)How Hospitality and Tourism Management businesses can help improve the current environmental situation of the Philippines? Tourism activities have positive and negative effects on the life of people and in the environment. Tourism can give positive impact on the economy and provides employment for the people but its unsustainable development can lead to destruction of our environment. In developing tourism facilities such as recreation facilities, water supplies, restaurants and accommodation can involve sand mining, beach and sandbank erosion, soil erosion and extensive paving. Tourism activity can lead to land degradation and loss of wildlife habitats and deterioration of scenery. Swimming pools and hotels generally overuse water for maintenance, especially golf courses. This can lead to water shortage and generate waste water. Tourism activities also contribute in unmanageable volume of solid wastes, for example here in Baguio City, volume of solid waste increases during Panagbenga. Hospitality and Tourism Management businesses can help improve the current environmental situation of the Philippines by being socially and environmentally responsible. By doing what is right and not harmful for the environment. By complying with the laws provided for the environment. Tourism graduates must know how to apply in the industry what he learned in his school. Nowadays, sustainable tourism and green tourism are becoming popular. We should not stop in promoting sustainable and green tourism. Tourism businesses can help by conserving water and energy. Practice proper waste management, reduce, recycle and reuse. In developing their establishments use environment friendly products such as eco-friendly paints, offer products which are also eco-friendly. Tourism industry must not only after profit, we must also consider all the things it can affect, specially the environment. Our environment is very fragile. Some resources once depleted they cannot be replaced. Some once damaged , can never be back into their original state again. Some could be but it will take time. The next generation will be the one suffering from the loss of our natural resources today. Tourism businesses should be able to attract customers not by having luxurious destinations. Start promoting the natural beauty of our environment and stop damaging the natural resources we have. They should be a role model and encourage people in conserving the environment. Reference : http://bio427.blogspot.com/2010/10/environmental-laws-of-philippines.html

Wal-Mart Company Strategy :: Wal Mart Walmart Business Papers Analysis

This essay will examine Wal-Mart's company strategy in several sections. Three elements of successful strategy formulation and a fourth element, which exemplifies the implementation process of company strategy, will be looked at. Followed by this, an analysis of key factors contributing to this strategy will be detailed. These include looking at Wal-Mart's competitive strategy, the CEO's leadership, and company strategy strengths and weakness assessment. The material used to analyze Wal-Mart strategy consists of the company's annual reports, its Fact Sheets and other information found on the company Internet site. Other information is obtained from outside sources such as Fortune Magazine, and from outside groups who are critical of the corporation. The focus of this analysis will be placed on identifying the resources of the firm, its weaknesses and strengths in terms of its competitive environment. The sections examined will highlight the leadership style of Wal-Mart CEO H. Lee Scott, who inherited the corporate legacy of Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton. Other elements such as the culture, the corporate organization and values of the company come to play. 1. Strategic Goals This section looks at three successful elements of strategy formulation and a fourth element, where the strategy is implemented successfully. These are as follows: †¢ Dominate the Retail Market wherever Wal-Mart has a presence. †¢ Growth by expansion in the US and Internationally. †¢ Create widespread name recognition and customer satisfaction with the Wal-Mart brand, and associate the retailer with the reputation of offering the best prices. †¢ Branching out into new sectors of retailing such as pharmacies, automotive repair, and grocery sales. a. Dominate the Retail Market Everywhere A key strategy of Wal-Mart is to dominate the retail market. Company founder Sam Walton put in place a retail philosophy the company still follows. Wal-Mart is primarily a discount retailer because they sell their products at the lowest possible prices. By selling at the "lowest price." Walton outlines that the essence of successful discount retailing to cut the price on an item as much as possible, lowering the markup, and earn profit on the increased volume of sales. (Wal-Mart pricing philosophy document, www.walmart.com). Another subset of this strategy is the competitiveness of every unit. Each store is encouraged to ferociously compete against all other stores in its customer base until the Wal-Mart store gains dominance over its local competitors (Quinn, 2, 115). Wal-Mart is currently ranked as the world's number one retailer and the number one company in the world in terms of sales (over $200 billion) on the Fortune 500 list (www.

Antony and Cleopatra :: essays research papers

The representations and interplay of types of power: In Shakespeare’s famous play Antony and Cleopatra, the powerful are portrayed including their personalities, their reactions to other powerful figures and the interplay of these powers as the characters interact. Antony’s Power: Shakespeare uses Rome and Egypt as binary opposites not just to reflect qualities inherent in the two places, but the changes that come upon Antony depending on which place he is in. The changes in Antony’s behaviour and power-usage patterns can be seen through Shakespeare’s constant juxtaposition of the Egyptian and Roman worlds. Antony’s behaviour tends to change as in the exotic place that is Egypt Antony is allowed to escape from his Roman self : "I will to Egypt†¦I'th' east my pleasure lies.â€Å"2.3.38-40. The word â€Å"pleasure† indicates that Egypt has a sexual appeal to him in the form of Cleopatra. He adores his role as king in Egypt, being the self-indulgent lover of Cleopatra. However in Rome, Antony must attend to his political ambitions, duty to administration, his citizens and soldiers. These are duties he does not wish to be burdened with: "Let Rome in Tiber melt and the wide arch / Of the ranged empire fall!† Antony describes his feelings while in Egypt as a hyperbole, which reflects how his behaviour becomes irrational. Moving on to Cleopatra’s Power, it can be seen that she uses her coercive sexual power to entice and manipulate Antony’s behaviour and decisions, inevitably ending in the weakening of their relationship. Cleopatra knows her powers of manipulation: "I drunk him to bed;/ Then put my tires and mantles on him, whilst I wore his sword Philippan.â€Å"2.5.21-23. She makes a mockery of him as he is the Philippan victor that is metaphorically stripped of his sword and therefore his political and sexual power, by a woman. She is described by him in a metaphor, as an â€Å"enchanting queen† which connotes a sense of uncontrolled mesmerisation with a powerful figure. To those removed from the situation, such as Caesar, she is described as a â€Å"whore† and Antony's life with her is full of â€Å"lascivious wassails† demonstrating the wanton behaviour that Cleopatra has almost imposed on Antony.

Low Employee Morale And High Employee Turnover Rates Commerce Essay

Hira Group comprises of two province of the art fabric units by the name of ‘Hira Textile Mills limited ‘ and ‘Hira Terry Mills Limited ‘ located adjacent to each other at 8km from Manga Raiwand Road, Lahore. Hira Textile produces cotton narration with the installation of an in house deceasing unit and Hira Terry manufactures towels.A The units, apart from bring forthing and exporting their several merchandises all across the universe, are besides a all right illustration of perpendicular integrating where at times the merchandise narration is obtained from Hira Textile and optimally weaved to do towels in Hira Terry. Hira Textile Mills has three offices, Corporate HQ in Lahore and one office in US and Canada, severally. ( Hira Textile Mills company web site )VisionA dynamic profitable and professionally managed successful concern organisation. ( Hira Textile Mills Annual Report, 2011 )MissionHira Textile Mills Ltd is committed to the highest criterions of uni ty, honestness, openness and professionalism in all of its activities whenever they are undertaken. We, the Management Team of HTML are endeavoring to better the quality of narration by continuously bettering its fabrication installations. We are committed to positioning the Company at the vertex of the industry by fulfilling our valued clients, file awaying superior returns for stockholders, by supplying congenial work environment where the employees feel portion of the organisation and be a good corporate citizen by carry throughing our societal duties. ( Hira Textile Mills Annual Report, 2011 )Future PlansAlthough the public presentation of the company is rather satisfactory during the twelvemonth but the future market state of affairs is altering to adversely due to diminish in the narration monetary values, and increase in rewards, markup rates and other input costs. The direction is taking the position of consolidation for the minute and taking advantage of new fabric policy 2 009 by moderately heightening its direct and indirect exports by bettering productiveness and quality. Aggressive selling scheme has been the major factor in HTM consistent profitableness over the last old ages. In the visible radiation of the Company ‘s overall objectives the Board of Directors on a regular basis review the Company ‘s scheme concern programs and put public presentation marks consequently. ( Hira Textile Mills Annual Report, 2011 )Businesss and MerchandisesHira Terry Mills is a province of the art Terry merchandises fabricating works apparatus in Lahore, Pakistan. The works was set up in late 2006-early 2007 with new machinery comprising of chiefly European machinery from Germany ( Dornier Air Jet Looms, Theis Dyeing, Schumale uninterrupted Double-Needle Side Hemming, Spain ( Anglada Continuous Finishing line ) , Switzerland ( Benninger Weaving readying ) and Japan ( Kindai Continuous Side Hemming, Barudan Cross Hemming and Infinity Continuous Slitting ) . The Plant is a vertically incorporate Terry maker, which has the production capableness of fabrication, all in house, yarns to towels. A The works has a big assortment of cottons in its spinning operations and is a certified manufacturer of Supima, Egyptian and Organic Cotton narrations. In add-on, it carries a assortment of other cottons such as Australian, Brazilian, California ( US ) and Turkish Cottons in medium basic and Pima and Egyptian in long staple fibres. This gives it a alone place in the market to serve better-best quality towels. The scope of merchandises extends to: Cotton Towels made from Supima, Pima, Giza and Pakistani cottons with possibility in Combed, Zero Twist, Soft Twist narrations. Merchandises range to Bathrobes, Bath towels, Hand towels and Face towels. Density in towel scopes from 400GSM to 1100GSM. Hira Textile Mills is equipped with the most modern machinery in whirling, duplicating and yarn dyeing. The whirling units comprises of 40,000 spindles. The merchandise scope varies from coarse counts to ticket counts runing from 4/1cd to 80/1cm, bring forthing Ringing Spun every bit good as Compact spun narrations, Slub and Lycra narrations. Draw frames with car levellers and conditioning machine from Xorella have besides been installed for farther betterments in the quality of narration in the of all time increasing international criterions of the universe market. Cotton Combed Carded Slub Pakistani 8/1-40/1 6/1-10/1 5.5/1-20/1 Egyptian 10/1-100/1 6/1-13/1–American 16/1- 40/1––Australian 16/1- 40/1––Organic ( Skal Certified ) 10/1-30/1––Pima ( Supima Certified ) 13/1-100/1 6/1-13/1–Beginning: Hira Textile Mills company web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hiramills.com.pk/ )Purpose of the StudyAt the start of this thesis study an explorative meeting was held with Hira Textile Mills ‘ ( HTM ) CEO, Mr. Nadeem Butt in order to research how the human resources section can be improved and whether there were any on-going HR related issues that the house was confronting. It was brought to attending that one of the most of import assets of the company was its employees and had it non been for them the company would non hold been successful in the past, particularly after the new Terry unit was installed. In order to guarantee its uninterrupted growing HTM wants to safeguard its most of import plus, its people. Mr. Nadeem Butt brought into visible radiation the issue of employee morale non being what it one time you used to be, one indicant he had was an increasing employee turnover rate. As the company grew and more people were inducted, it became harder and harder to keep the same degree of ardor, motive and trueness which was one time shared across all direction degrees, in the starting yearss of the company. Larger groups of companies like Nishat, Crescent, Sapphire, Nakhshbandi etc. have become more organized and commercial and hence attract good employees. But if HTM is to last among the giants, it is indispensable to develop and retain a pool of efficient human resources. With the senior direction approaching retirement, it has become of all time more of import to concentrate on retaining and beef uping its well trained in-between direction for sequence planning. I was asked to look into ( I ) Whether low employee morale even exists or is it merely the managers perceptual experience and ( two ) IF it does be, what is doing it and ( three ) how to cover with high employee turnover.Research QuestionTherefore my research inquiry is:â€Å" Is the employee morale depression, IF so, what are the grounds behind low employee morale and high employee turnover rates at Hira Textile Mills? †Research AimsWhat are the current fiscal and non-financial techniques being used by HTM. Determine the several importance assigned by employees to these fiscal and non-financial inducements. Determine how satisfied employees are with their several fiscal and non-financial wages. What is the current degree of employee motive and trueness. How attractive an employer HTM is in its employee ‘s eyes. Determine the consequence of fiscal inducements versus non-financial inducements on employee trueness and motive. Importance of fiscal inducements versus non-financial inducements at different organisational degrees ( lower direction, in-between direction and upper direction ) .Research MethodologyThis survey was conducted utilizing a matter-of-fact attack, that is, assorted methods were used. The start of this research survey was explorative research, in which the job was discovered, defined and agreed upon through informal meetings with the CEO and the HR section ; the descriptive portion of the survey consisted of garnering informations to fundamentally find what is presently go oning, the position quo that is ; and the explanatory portion of this survey was the illations derived based on the analysis of the gathered informations. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research was undertaken to roll up first-hand informations for this survey. Merely first manus informations will be collected for the intent of this research undertaking because no secondary informations beginnings exist as this is a house specific issue, but a thorough literature reappraisal was conducted to polish and enrich the research methodological analysis and to heighten the research worker ‘s apprehension of the research subject. For qualitative research the undermentioned technique was used: In-depth Interviews The chief ground for taking in-depth interviews was the consideration that since the participants belong to the same company, they will non portion their unfastened and honest positions with the group, had the focal point group treatment technique been used. Besides, in-depth interviews provide a opportunity to the research worker to examine deeper in to apparent on the surface issues in order to uncover the nucleus jobs. However, the most of import restriction of this technique is that the point of position received is of merely an person. It is best to utilize in-depth interviews to research the general job country or to travel profoundly into a job, e.g. specifying which variables to include in the quantitative phase of the survey and which 1s to exclude. The tool used to carry on quantitative research was: Survey Questionnaire This study questionnaire was administered via electronic mail. This was done because ( a ) This method was more convenient, ( B ) respondents were all educated plenty to understand inquiries in the written signifier and ( degree Celsius ) since merely a selected figure of employees were to be questioned, on the topographic point in the flesh questionnaire filling would hold made the respondents cautious and brought prejudice in their sentiments. Other grounds for taking questionnaires as the informations aggregation instrument are ( Khan, 2007 ) : The usage of questionnaire for aggregation of informations is comparatively inexpensive compared to other methods. Questionnaire can easy be coded and analyzed. They were more conformable to statistical analysis. They can be speedy to administrate, enabling feedback on many things to be gathered in a few proceedingss. They can be used anonymously, leting scholars the opportunity at least of giving negative feedback without the embarrassment of giving it publically. The opportunity of prejudice would be minimum because the respondent would liberate of any force per unit area of being observed through these tools. However, questionnaire technique of informations assemblage besides has some disadvantages ( Khan, 2007 ) : The Ticky Box syndrome: Peoples become conditioned to do instant responses to inquiries. Geting through the questionnaire rapidly becomes a virtuousness. Responses are made on a surface degree of believing instead than as a consequence of contemplation and critical thought. The Performing Dogs syndrome: Many people make fulling in questionnaires tend to delight the research worker. They can normally state which responses will delight the people giving them the questionnaire and the people whose work is involved in the issues covered by the questionnaire. If they like the people, they are likely to notice favourably on things. Lost Learning chances syndrome: Questionnaires are frequently used after the event instead than during it. This tends to minimise any existent acquisition results of the procedure of finishing questionnaires. The ‘wysiwyg ‘ syndrome: ‘What you see is what you get ‘ . Questionnaires produce feedback on the peculiar issues covered but frequently non on other of import issues. There is a inclination to plan questionnaires which will give positive feedback. Blue, Rosy and Purple, questionnaire: A major restriction of most questionnaires is that responses are colored by how people feel at the minute of make fulling them in. If the same questionnaire were used a few yearss subsequently, some responses may be wholly different. Yet the consequences are frequently statistically analyzed as though they reflected lasting reactions to inquiries and issues instead than fleeting, transeunt reactions. This survey was executed in three parts: Part I: Qualitative Research – In-depth interviews conducted with employees at assorted degrees of HTM and from different sections. Part II: Quantitative Research – Using the qualitative research findings a questionnaire was developed to prove these findings. Once the field work completed and informations was tabulated in excel format, ready for use and extraction, it was analyzed to reply the research inquiry and accomplish the stated research aims. Part III: Report Writing, Formatting and Referencing – This is the concluding phase of the research survey. In this phase all the tabulated informations, its research consequences and analysis are articulated into a standardised study format with proper citing to avoid plagiarism.Literature ReviewThe relevancy of this thesis subject can be derived from the get downing lines of Rihova ‘s article ( 2009 ) which argues that â€Å" The basis of a company ‘s success is aA chiseled and enforced corporate scheme which the whole company lives † In order for a company to successfully make its strategic ends, its employees need to â€Å" experience closely connected to the ( corporate ) scheme ‘s values and way and motivated to carry through the company ‘s designated ends † . Two of import things have been mentioned here by the writer, foremost, holding a well defined corporate scheme is polar to any company ‘s success and secondly, unless there is a strong connexion between the employees and these ends, employees are non likely to be motivated. In other words, the employer needs to do corporate ends as unambiguous ( this will assist in giving â€Å" way † ) and relevant for the employees as possible, so that a strong connexion can be made, hence, giving manner to motive for employees. However, this entirely does non incite motive but instead it is the necessary status which needs to be fulfilled for other motive techniques and tools to work efficaciously. Therefore, doing the thesis ‘ re search inquiry, ‘Which compensation technique reaps the highest degree of motive and trueness towards the organisation? ‘ a cardinal subject to be looked into. Ivana Rihova farther states that: â€Å" To find the outlooks, the company ‘s strategic ends are broken down in item to the degree of ordinary employees. Employees so seek motive to run into the designated ends in which the company is able to assist them by puting come-at-able conditions and steps. Hence, the public presentation of employees corresponds to how the work and wagess ( both fiscal and non-financial ) meet the employee ‘s demands. † â€Å" Conditionss and steps † here refer to the substructure, regulations & A ; ordinances and the criterion operating processs that define how work is done in a company and besides serve to enable the employees to transport out their occupations efficaciously. This is synonymous to the 7-S model ‘s â€Å" hardware and package † . The point that the writer intends to foreground here is that wagess should be based on employees demands ; otherwise it will non be able to actuate them. At this occasion the writer challenges the conventional belief that ‘the higher the fiscal wagess, the higher the motive of an employee ‘ by saying that many studies and experiments have been conducted over the old ages which yield a different consequence. Although fiscal wagess are a hygiene factor and make lend towards motive, it does non intend that they are the most optimum motive accelerator. Fiscal wagess can merely actuate employees up to a certain point, after which non-financial wagess are more utile in making motive. This decision is besides validated by economic sciences ; the labour curve of a individual employee is a downward ‘U ‘ form curve with figure of labour hours on the X-axis and the corresponding wage on the Y-axis. This downward ‘U ‘ form of the curve depicts that up to a certain point an employee is willing to work more hours for more wage, but beyond the extremum of the downward ‘U ‘ curve the employee really pre fers to work less hours for each increase in salary. It is particularly at this point that non-financial motive comes in ready to hand. Hence, there is a demand to plan a balanced compensation system which includes fiscal aswell as non-financial wagess. â€Å" Indeed, the HR map can be expected to put regulations, have knowledge and supply support, yet non-financial motive is the duty of direction, viz. senior direction and line direction. Management is truly incorrect to believe that except for direct assignment of undertakings to employees, which is ensured by the direction, the HR map can take attention of and be responsible for all other reactions of employees at work and associated with work. † The writer here talks about the wide-spread misconception among organisations today where directors assume that all types of wagess, may it be fiscal or non-financial, are the duty of the human resource section. In the writer ‘s sentiment it is merely the fiscal wagess which are the exclusive duty of the human resource section but the load of non-financial wagess should fall chiefly on direction ‘s shoulders more frequently than non.HR Trends of Employee Motivation around the WorldBy and large, in America the growing of Employee Stock Ownership Plans over the past 25 old ages have played a polar function in the compensation agreements of employees, associating employees pay construction with companies overall public presentation, including wide based stock options, addition sharing, net income sharing etc. Over the old ages, research has shown that on norm, employee ownership houses are in a place to either lucifer or to transcend the public presentation of similar houses ; nevertheless with considerable scattering of consequences. An illustration can be of United Airlines where employee ownership failed to present its promise in certain fortunes while the outstanding success of companies such as SAIC high spots that ownership helps to accomplish long term growing specially in extremely competitory industries. In order to cut down rule agent job, it is really of import to bind employee wage with the house public presentation and affect employees in decision-making procedure. In this manner non merely the employee ownership agreements will cut down any jobs accruing, but besides it would increase the public presentation of the company. One of the most common expostulations to employee ownership inducement programs is the free rider job. It arises due to the weak connexion between an person ‘s public presentation and fiscal wagess, as the work squad gets larger. As there seems no possible solution to the free rider job, many research workers agree with Weitzman and Kruse ; â€Å" something more may be needed-something kindred to developing a corporate civilization that emphasizes company spirit, promotes group cooperation, encourages societal enforcement mechanisms, and so forth † ( 1990: 100 ) . The cardinal improving factors through employee ownership plans are the inducements, engagement and work topographic point environment. The inducements given to employees must be sufficient to actuate them, engagement must be meaningful for employees to do critical determinations and environment provided should look closely at the free rider job. Consistent with this, researches that have compared workers attitude under employee ownership give a assorted image. Few of the research done have found out higher committedness, motive and satisfaction among employee-owners, while harmonizing to other researches, there no important difference before and after an employee buyout. Some research workers suggest that organisation designation and committedness are higher under employee ownership. However, consequences vary significantly from favourable to impersonal on occupation motive, satisfaction, employee absenteeism, turnover, grudges, hurts and tardiness. A successful organisation is the 1 that is able to get by with the altering demands of its employees and do them experience an of import portion of the organisation. It is the duty of the top direction to hold strong trust relationship with the lower degree employees so that the employee plants at their maximal capablenesss. Organizations expect the workers to follow the regulations and ordinances of the house and work consequently. They need to maintain in head the criterions set for them ; the employee expects regard, good wage construction, safe working environment, just intervention and unafraid calling along with engagement in determination devising procedure. The outlooks of the employees and organisational caputs vary from one house to another. For the houses to turn to such outlooks, it is really of import to hold a thorough apprehension of employee motive.Understanding MotivationHarmonizing to a research done at Piketin Ressearch and Extension Center and Enterprise Center, t here are certain factors impacting the motive degree of any employee. These factors include interesting work, good wage construction, grasp of work done, occupation security, nice working conditions, publicities and growing chances, tactful subject, being an of import portion of the organisation, personal truenesss to workers, and sympathetic aid with personal jobs. The article farther relates these factors with Maslow ‘s need-hierarchy. The top most graded incentive is interesting work, which is besides a ego -actualizing factor. Second incentive is a good wage construction that is a physiological factor. Third is the grasp factor that can besides been seen as self-esteem. Fourth incentive is the occupation security that is the safety factor. Therefore harmonizing to Maslow, out of all, the most of import factors that must be satisfied first are interesting work, physiological, safety, societal and esteem factors. Harmonizing to another survey conducted by Kovach ( 1987 ) , the order of motivational factors for the industrial employees was interesting work, grasp of the work done and experiencing an of import portion of the organisation. On the other manus, another survey conducted by Harpaz ( 1990 ) ranked the motivational factors as interesting work on figure one, nice wage construction as figure two and occupation security as the 3rd of import factor to actuate the employees of the administration. Pay construction was non ranked as an of import motivational factor by Kovach, nevertheless, it was ranked 2nd by Harpaz. Similarly grasp of work done was non ranked as an of import motivational factor by Harpaz, nevertheless, it was tanked 2nd by Kovach. This proves that the motive of employees differ amongst assorted types of work done in legion organisations. However, interesting work is considered as the most of import factor for employee motive in about any sort of work topographic point. Harmonizing to Butkus and Green ( 1999 ) , motive is derived from the word ‘motivate, ‘ which means to carry for fulfilling a demand. Harmonizing to Baron ; â€Å" Motivation is a set of procedure concerned with a child of force that energizes behaviour and directs it towards accomplishing some specific ends. † Many authors have suggested motive as the end directed behavior. Harmonizing to Kreitner and Kinicki ( 2001 ) , â€Å" Those psychological procedures that cause the stimulation, continuity of voluntary actions that are end directed † . In other words, a motivated person has the consciousness of accomplishing a specific end in some specific manner and so he puts his attempt in order to accomplish such end. Therefore, the function of the directors is to steer the lower degree employees about organisational dockets of how to accomplish its aims. It is really of import to distinguish between motion and motive. Motion does the work for compensation and wage whereas motive is the entire engagement of an person in the work given out to him. Motion can do an employee compel to make the work whereas motive is self realized jubilant of transporting out different undertaking. The research worker emphasized on motive and non motion as motive is the requirement for success because the individual is happy and satisfied with the work irrespective of the compensation. He carries out the undertaking voluntarily without any greed. Motivation is the ground for the achievement of single in any facet of work. Once the directors understand and agree that employees are of course motivated, they need to supply a nice environment for the employees to heighten their motive.Importance of MotivationPeoples motivate themselves to fulfill their ain personal ends, and hence they invest and give their best in accomplishing the organisational aims in ord er to run into with their personal ends besides. It would intend that organisational ends are linked to personal ends every bit good. The director ‘s occupation is to acquire work done from the employees under him but it is merely possible if the workers are self motivated instead than directed. The director ‘s engagement is non that of import in the motive of employees, in fact the workers should actuate themselves to work hard. Irrespective of being skilled, unskilled or professional work force, the major job organisations face is the deficiency of motive by the employees. It is besides one of the major issues faced by commercial Bankss. In this competitory universe, it is a challenge for the disposal to maintain the employees motivated so that they offer efficient services to the clients. The employee ‘s enthusiastic, energetic behaviour and their motive towards their undertaking play a polar function in successes of any organisation. One of the maps of human resource director is to guarantee employee ‘s workplace motive. They should help the director in maintaining the workers satisfied with their occupations. The service director should be able to develop motivated workers and promote their work morale. If the employees are unsated and unhappy about their workplace, their public presentation is normally hapless.Degrees of Employee MotivationBy and large, there are three degrees of employee ‘s motives. Direction of an employees ‘ behaviour ; it is the behaviour that a individual choose to execute. Degree of attempt ; it relates to how much attempt can be put by the individual to act in a certain manner Degree of continuity ; it related to individual ‘s willingness to act despite obstructions faced. Every employee has a different background in footings of instruction, experiences and household category, nevertheless the primary involvement of all is to fulfill their personal demand and desires. They want to fulfill their basic necessities of life, linked to survival and security along with a desire to bring forth positive feelings about oneself and to be self fulfilled. Most employees want just company policies in affairs impacting them ; favourable occupation position direction they can be trusted good working relationships with senior directors and colleagues ; nice wages and good working environment ; equal occupation security The article measures the consequence of Human Resource Strategies on occupation satisfaction, specifically in Pakistan. It is mentioned in the article wage, publicity and preparation has positive consequence on occupation satisfaction, nevertheless in instance of Pakistan, the employees give more importance to pay and publicity instead than developing. Significant differences were found between work forces and adult females occupation satisfaction degree. The service based industry is traveling through legion alterations for the last twosome of old ages. Due to these alterations, the minutess are increasing along with the scope of services provided. As a consequence, different sectors such as educational institutes, telecommunication houses, Bankss are sing high turnover.Motivational TheoriesHarmonizing to Maslow hierarchy of demands, people are motivated by unsated demands. The lower degree demands need to be fulfilled before traveling on to higher degree demands. In general, there are six types of demands ; physiological, survival, safety, love, respect and self-actualization. Peoples can move unselfishly merely if the first five demands are fulfilled. Maslow called theses demands as lack demands. Equally long as people are motivated to fulfill their desire for demands, they will be traveling higher towards self-actualization. Satisfying our demands is a healthy behaviour whereas forestalling satisfaction makes us act diabolic. Harmonizing to different researches, people have jobs in cognizing that precisely they want from a occupation. This is the ground why the supervisors ignore what the employee wants from the occupation, and in fact enforce on employee what they themselves want from the occupation. As the individual grows through any organisation, his employer provides chances for him to travel higher up the Maslow ‘s pyramid. Frederick ( 1959 ) modified Maslow ‘s demand Hierarchy theory and came up with the two factor theory ; Hygiene Theory. Harmonizing to Frederick, there are some satisfiers and dissatisfies for employee in any workplace. These are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are associated with occupation satisfaction whereas extrinsic factors are related to occupation dissatisfaction. Frederick wanted to cognize what do people want from their occupations. He asked people to depict state of affairss where they felt exceptionally good or bad. From the consequences he concluded that the antonym of satisfaction is non dissatisfaction. This means that taking the dissatisfying features from any occupation experience does n't do the occupation fulfilling. Existent of certain factor in a house is natural and presence of the same does n't take to motive. However, their non being possibly leads to de-motivation. Similarly there are few factors, the absence of which does n't do d issatisfaction, but their being has a motivational impact on the employees of the organisation. Harmonizing to Skinner ( 1953 ) , employees can be motivated by decently planing the environment. Alternatively of taking into consideration the internal factors like feelings, attitudes, feelings etc, and people are directed by what happens in their external environment. This is besides known as the support theory. The work topographic point environment should be suited and nice plenty to actuate the employees of the organisation. Victor Vroom ( 1964 ) presented anticipation theory which is widely accepted. The theory says that an employee can be motivated plenty to execute better when they believe that the better public presentation gets them a good public presentation assessment and that in bend leads to realisation of personal end in form of some wages. Therefore an employee is:Motivation = Valence x ExpectancyThe focal point of this theory is on three cardinal variables: Attempts and public presentation relationship ; Performance and wages relationship ; Wagess and personal end relationship. The Adams ‘ Equity ( 1965 ) Theory theoretical account incorporates non merely single ego but besides the influence and comparing of other people ‘s state of affairss in organizing a comparative position and consciousness of equity. When employees feel that they are treated reasonably, they are more likely to be motivated. When employees are treated below the belt, they are extremely prone to demotivation. The manner people measure this sense of equity is the bosom of Equity Theory. Therefore, equity is non dependent upon by how much the wagess exceed the attempt, it is dependent wholly on the equity of the game. It is the comparing that one makes between his wages and investing ratio with the ratio enjoyed or suffered by other employees. Harmonizing to the article, the eight top most motivational factors include safe work topographic point, just salary, publicity and growing chances in the organisation, disputing work, nice working status, sympathetic aid by people, grasp of work done and personal trueness to workers. Comparing these motivational factors to Maslow need hierarchy it can be seen that the top most motivational factor, safe work topographic point, is one of the safety needs whereas just wage is related to physiological factors. Traveling on publicity and growing chances are esteem factors and disputing work is associated with self-actualization. If we compare Vrooms anticipation theoretical account with highest ranked incentive life in a safe country, it is believed that the degree of attempt a individual puts in alterations with the value they attach to the results they get from the procedure and their thought of the strength of the relation between attempt and result. Therefore, this theory is non wholly about opportunism in wagess but the links people make between expected results and the input they feel they can give towards those results. While comparing the 3rd highest motivational factor, publicity and growing chances, to Adam ‘s equity theory, it is clear that directors want to actuate employees by supplying growing chances in equity bases. Bing unfair leads to dissatisfied employees and the public presentation will diminish.Increasing Motivation via RewardsFinancial and Non Financial RewardsIvana Rihova tackles the issue of how a good managed and effectual fiscal wagess bundle should be designed which will be just and reflective of employee public presentation and competency. The underlying thought which the writer tries to advance is associating public presentation to fiscal wagess. So foremost the writer shows how the entire income of an employee should be broken down ; entire income should consist of a ‘base wage ‘ , or minimal fixed wage that the employee receives at the terminal of each month irrespective of how he/she performs ; so comes the ‘variable wage ‘ or ‘bonus â₠¬Ëœ , this is the portion of the wage which is dependent on how good the employee is able to accomplish the set ends and marks ; and in conclusion, 'employee benefits ‘ . The degree of ‘basic wage ‘ depends on ‘external fight ‘ , that is, the traveling market pay rate which other similar companies are offering and on ‘internal equity ‘ which is the degree of rewards the company can afford to offer to its employees. However, a proviso should be kept within the basic salary graduated table for employees with a higher competence degree which will interpret into higher productiveness. Such employees ‘ wages lie at the higher terminal of the basic salary spectrum. Whereas, the influencing factors for the sum of ‘variable wage ‘ or ‘bonus ‘ are non merely the employee ‘s single public presentation, but besides the team/department and overall corporate public presentation of the company. And in conclusion, the em ployee benefits can be seen as a ‘competitive advantage ‘ for the company over its rivals. Susan M. Heathfield gives an penetration into how different companies should steer fiscal wagess in different times: â€Å" A growth, entrepreneurial company, with variable gross revenues and income, may be better off commanding the degrees of base wages. When times are good, the company can bind bonus dollars to ends achieved. In thin times, when money is limited, the company is non obligated to high base wages. A longer-term company, with reasonably stable gross revenues and net incomes, may set more money in base wage. † ( Heathfield ) So far the writer has concentrated on the design of a fiscal wages bundle ; following comes execution or expense of that bundle. Here the writer introduces two really of import constructs ; the ‘knock-out standards ‘ and ‘reward cap ‘ : â€Å" Wagess can frequently be paid merely when aA certain value in carry throughing ends is reached, i.e. , when knock out standards are met†¦ Once the company achieves its chief, normally fiscal ends, merely so can the wagess of single employees be considered. Under measure 2, the knock-out standards are applied to the single public presentation of employees. Under an interim measure, the knock out standards can be established for the public presentation of single organisational sections or squads.Once the fulfilment of ends ranges aA certain degree, the higher value of end fulfilment is no longer translated into aA higher wages, i.e. aA reward cap. The reward cap should protect the company against inordinate fulfilment of ends which might non be covered by aA proportionately higher sum of fiscal financess, for illustration, in the instance of qualitative ends. † The nucleus thought behind these constructs is protecting the house while keeping the unity of the nexus between wagess and public presentation. The knock-out standards pushes the employees to make more than merely the bare lower limit to have a fillip and the wages cap protects the house against ill set ends which may ensue into inordinate wagess. Employees exceling their ends by 10s of per centum are an indicant that the ends have non been set suitably. The writer so turns her attending towards the non-financial wagess. Ivana states that â€Å" non-financial motive is defined by corporate civilization and corporate values † . An analysis of merely this statement reveals how diverse and intangible non-financial wagess can be, therefore doing it really hard, if non impossible, for rivals to retroflex them. Harmonizing to Ivana, the first measure towards making a favourable environment for non-financial motive is, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦direct and unfastened communicating and atmosphere across the company and continues with supplying constructive provender back to employees and following aA personalized attack where possible. Non-financial motive includes basic company values such as ethical attack, trueness, empathy, bravery, leading and squad spiritaˆÂ ¦Other non-financial motive drivers of employees which the company and direction can utilize include: power – decision-making chances – duty ; self-fulfillment chances ; strong and clear vision of the company ; relationships in the group ; certainty ; acknowledgment – congratulations ; feed-back ; and esteem – relationship to authorization † Basically, non-financial motive has much to make with how an employee feels at the occupation and how he/she is treated by higher-ups and colleagues. All the non-financial motive drivers mentioned by the writer are qualitative in nature and based on the employee ‘s perceptual experience. Therefore, an inclusive and active attack by senior direction and line directors is polar in acknowledging as to which of these drivers apply to which employees. This is the individualized attack that directors must hold in order to efficaciously actuate employees in today ‘s epoch. In writer ‘s sentiment, the new coevals of employees come ining the market, the generation-Y, is acute on larning and self development. This means that on the occupation mentorship plans can be an effectual non-financial motive driver for new employees. The writer recommends that companies should implement an â€Å" incorporate public presentation direction system † . This system will profit the human resource direction via regular â€Å" employee rating and monitoring † , associating employee compensation with â€Å" employee competences † in short-term and long-term and hence enable the direction to place â€Å" above-average endowment and developing the endowment direction plan † .Net income Sharing and Employee MotivationBarf Kuvaas ( 2003 ) references in his article that there is a lifting involvement of employee ownership and net income sharing among practicians and research workers. In industrialised states and some emerging economic systems have shown really high degree of involvement in the connexion between fiscal portion, employee attitudes and steadfast public presentation. Financial wages systems have received much unfavorable judgment in the past but this new tendency of affecting the employ ees in the net income of the company and passing them a portion of the net income in signifier of fillips has its advantages. First, this sort of a program includes no excess control of employee ‘s work behaviour. If a net income is gained by the company it would be shared by the employees at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This reduces the opportunities of demotivating an employee due to his sensed degree of competency of himself therefore sabotaging their intrinsic motive ( Deci, Ryan, & A ; Koestner, 1999 ; Kohn, 1993a ) . Second, since this system links the organisational accomplishments to single accomplishments, it ensures that the bureau job is kept at a minimum degree. Employees do non seek to derive single ends as the wages is on how good the organisation does as a whole. This encourages cooperation instead than internal competition ( Kendrick, 1987 ; Kohn, 1993b ) .Thirdly, this sort of an agreement heightens employee committedness to the organisation and ensures th at the long term ends of the company are good in sync with the ends of the employees. The system gives a sense of ownership, partnership and psychological fond regard to the proprietors of the organisation and the workers. Not does it merely have a positive impact on the morale of the squads within the organisation ; it besides enhances organisational public presentation ( Pendleton et al. , 1998 )Wage and Employee MotivationAssociating employee motive to the payment of the employees, Sara L. Rynes ( 2004 ) states that human resource professional normally give a really high grade of importance to the nexus between the wage construction of an employee and his motive to execute on occupation, this belief is far from true as wage is a general incentive of an employee and non the chief ground behind his/ her motive. The paper identifies the state of affairss in which wage is more or less of import for an employee and besides grounds why directors might pay less importance to it. The tab ular array below contains findings of some major surveies that have been conducted to find the importance of wage to employees compared to other possible incentives. The first column shows the consequences of people being asked to rank the importance of wage compared to other incentives, the right manus side shows consequences of existent surveies in ongoing organisations that examine the work end product ensuing in the debut of different incentives like work redesign, increases in employee engagement, alteration in wage constructions etc. first column concludes that when people are asked straight to rank wage as a incentive, they tend to put it at a 5th degree ( range second to eighth ) in lists of possible incentives. In comparing, the existent behaviours in response to the incentives, about ever show wage as the most influential incentive of all.Specifying Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction is a term used widely and normally, yet there is n't any general understanding as to what it truly entails. Satisfaction covers a batch of different aspects and can intend different to different people. Different writers have used different attacks to specify occupation satisfaction, many of which will be covered in this literature reappraisal. Hoppock ( 1935 ) explains occupation satisfaction as â€Å" Any combination of psychological, physiological and environmental fortunes that cause a individual truthfully to state I am satisfied with my occupation † This definition adheres to the fact that although occupation satisfaction has alot of external factors impacting it, it is still an internal matter that defines the feelings of the employee. This means occupation satisfaction is a consequence of a figure of factors that create satisfaction. Vroom ‘s ( 1964 ) definition of occupation satisfaction involves the function an employee dramas in his workplace. He defines occupation satisfaction as an â€Å" Affectional orientations on the portion of persons toward work functions which they are soon busying † Harmonizing to Spector ( 1997 ) , occupation satisfaction has to make with how people feel about their occupation and its other facets. The degree to which they like or dislike the occupation that creates occupation satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a work state of affairs. Positivity and negativeness of an employee towards his work, are both are a portion of occupation satisfaction. When an employee joins an organisation, he comes with preconceived impressions about the sort of occupation he is acquiring into. He harbours certain demands and outlooks about his work and his satisfaction depends on the extent to which his outlooks are met, whether or non the existent awards match the 1s in his belief. An person ‘s workplace behavior is really closely linked to his satisfaction towards his occupation ( Davis et al.,1985 ) . Harmonizing to kaliski ( 2007 ) an employee ‘s sense of accomplishment and his success on his occupation is a portion of occupation satisfaction. This is thought to be straight linked to productiveness and personal well being. It besides implies making the occupation one enjoys and is suitably rewarded for. Job satisfaction is non merely the key to acknowledgment, publicity, and income and feeling of fulfillment, it is besides enthusiasm and felicity with one ‘s work. Statt ( 2004 ) defines occupation satisfaction as the degree of contentment of an employee with the wagess he gets for his work particularly in footings of intrinsic motive. Armstrong ( 2006 ) relates the positive and favourable attitudes towards the occupation as occupation satisfaction and the negative and unfavourable feelings to occupation dissatisfaction. Goerge et Al ( 2008 ) depict occupation satisfaction as ; â€Å" Job satisfaction is the aggregation of feeling and beliefs that people have about their current occupation. People ‘s degrees of grades of occupation satisfaction can run from utmost satisfaction to extreme dissatisfaction. In add-on to holding attitudes about their occupations as a whole, people besides can hold attitudes about assorted facets of their occupations such as the sort of work they do, their colleagues, supervisors or subsidiaries and their wage † Whereas Mullins ( 2005 ) is of the position that ; â€Å" Job satisfaction is a complex and multifaceted construct which can intend different things to different people. Job satisfaction is normally linked with motive, but the nature of this relationship is non clear. Satisfaction is non the same as motive. Job satisfaction is more of an attitude, an internal province. It could, for illustration, be associated with a personal feeling of accomplishment, either quantitative or qualitative † The efficiency and effectivity of a concern organisation is frequently related to occupation satisfaction of its employees. The new managerial paradigm believes that employees should be treated as human existences that they are and their single demands, outlooks, personal desires be kept under consideration as these guarantee occupation satisfaction. The logic behind analysing occupation satisfaction is that a satisfied employee is a happy employee and a happy employee is a successful/efficient/effective employee. The importance of occupation satisfaction is heightened when the drawbacks of an unsated employee are seen, that is disloyalty, high absenteeism and higher figure of accidents etc. Spector ( 1997 ) provinces three cardinal characteristics of occupation satisfaction as Human values should be kept as the guidelines for organisational policies. Organizations following this are more likely to handle their employees with regard and equity. Appraisal of the employee occupation satisfaction in such instances is a good manner of cognizing employee effectivity. High occupation satisfaction means the employees have a good emotional and mental province. The operation and activities of an organisation are mostly affected by the behavior of its workers and their degree of satisfaction. This implies that a positive behavior consequences from satisfaction whereas the negative behavior of employees is a consequence of their dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction can be an index of organisational activities. Job satisfaction ratings present fluctuations in satisfaction degrees of different units within a company. This, in bend, serves as an indicant as to which organisational unit alteration can hike public presentation. The undermentioned figure given by Christen, Iyer and Soberman ( 2006 ) provides a theoretical account of occupation satisfaction and its elements: Job related factors Role perceptual experiences Job public presentation Firm public presentation Figure 1 – Christen, Iyer and Soberman â€Å" Model of Job Satisfaction † ( 2006 ) Figure 2 shows Lawler and Porter ‘s ( 1967 ) theoretical account of occupation satisfaction which unlike Christen ‘s theoretical account puts high accent on wagess impacting occupation satisfaction. This theoretical account represents intrinsic and extrinsic wagess as indirect factors impacting occupation satisfaction and the perceptual experience of the sort of wage the employee deserves as the chief factor. Figure 2- Lawler and Porter ‘s â€Å" Model of Job Satisfaction † ( 1967 ) Locke and Latham ( 1990 ) supply a wholly different thought of occupation satisfaction in their theory. Their theory is that undertakings set at higher degree or in other words, the undertakings that are non easy come-at-able and supply a challenge to the employees and put high outlooks for success create high satisfaction degrees. Figure 3 shows their theoretical account of occupation satisfaction Figure 3 – Locke and Latham ‘Model of Job Satisfaction ‘ ( 1990 )Industry AnalysisThe importance of the fabrics sector for Pakistan ‘s economic system can be exhibited by merely reexamining a few facts: The fabric sector of Pakistan employs about 40 % of the entire labour force ( Beginning: Pakistan Board of Investment ) . For the twelvemonth 2011, fabric sector ‘s part towards Pakistan ‘s GDP was 8.5 % . ( Beginning: APTMA Chairman Review Report 2011 ) The portion of fabric exports out of entire Pakistan ‘s export is about 52.8 % presently. ( Beginning: State Bank of Pakistan, Economic Data ) These figures are more than plenty to set up what an of import sector fabric is for Pakistan ‘s economic system. Now let us reexamine what is presently go oning in this sector. Below is the break-up of the current figure of textile units in the state, courtesy Ministry of Textile Industry:Large SectorNO OF UNITSSizeSpining Unit of measurements458 a ) 10.906 M. Spindles B ) 202356 RotorsComposite Unit of measurements50 10416 LoomsIndependent Weaving Unit of measurements150 27500 Shuttle less LoomsCompleting Unit of measurements115—Garments Unit of measurements800—Small and Medium SectorNO OF UNITSSizeIndependent Weaving Unit of measurements425 50,000 LoomsPower Looms245442 Looms 295442 Looms ( Conventional )Completing635Terry Towels800 10000 Looms 700 bird lessCanvas2000 Looms 300000 ( Industrial )Garments5000 450000 ( Domestic ) ( Sewing Machine )Knitwear1200 18000 However, Pakistan ‘s fabric sector has been, and for the most portion still is, traveling through a period of convulsion. â€Å" The fabric ministry has acknowledged closing of 90 large units in 2008 entirely. Each company employed a lower limit of 1,000 workers. â€Å" Hundreds of 1000s have lost occupations, † Federal Adviser on Textile Dr Mirza Ikhtiar Baig, told The News. † â€Å" Baig said that the higher mark-up rates, energy crises, jurisprudence and order state of affairs and the planetary recession were the major grounds behind occupation cuts from fabric sector. A company can non prolong itself if the production units are unopen 15 yearss a month due to power outage, he said. The import of readymade garments from China has besides affected the local maker. â€Å" It started from places, pencils and ballpen pens and now go oning with the garments, † Baig said. The record of Pakistan Hosiery Manufacturers Association ( PHMA ) shows closing of 245 companies from the hose and knitwear sub-sector entirely in last five old ages. Of which 99 units were closed in 2008 entirely. These units employed 100 to more than a few thousand workers each. † [ Beginning: The World Trade Review, 2009 ] All in all around 350 units were closed with many more merely hardly lasting. The major jobs being faced by Pakistan ‘s fabric sector are: Energy Crisis – deficit of gas and electricity may hold reduced for families, but industry still suffers from an acute shortage of supply. Law, Order & A ; Terrorism – fabrics sector has suffered greatly because of abysmal jurisprudence and order state of affairs in the state. Rampant and frequent terrorist onslaughts in the yesteryear have left foreign purchasers scared of even come ining Pakistan, allow alone visit mills in distant industrial countries. Poor Country Image Perception – due to terrorism studies on and in Pakistan, foreign purchasers and consumers have developed a negative image of Pakistan in heads, hence doing its merchandises seem inferior in quality. Market Access – with Bangladesh having the GSP+ position from EU in 2010, Pakistan ‘s entree to market is farther reduced. A GSP+ position means that Bangladesh ‘s merchandises would confront a lower duty rate in EU, doing them cheaper for the purchasers. Increased Competition – While Pakistan ‘s fabric sector is stuck contending at several foreparts, India, Bangladesh, China and even Sri Lanka ‘s markets are eating up our market portion and hammering new bonds with foreign purchasers. High Interest Rate Regime – Harmonizing to APTMA Chairman Mr. Gohar Ejaz â€Å" Regional rivals, from 2005 onwards induced investing to develop ample capacity and as a consequence the fabric exports of our chief rival increased from $ 12 billion to $ 30 billion. The instrument used was the Technology Up-gradation Fund Scheme ( TUFS ) that provided for a remittal of involvement rate up to 50 % for investing. Similar strategies visualised here did non happen because of the characteristic spread between policy and execution. † [ Beginning: APTMA Chairman Review Report 2011 ] As a consequence, smaller companies who have limited economic systems of graduated table are confronting the brunt of competition in Pakistan. Larger companies who can afford to do immense substructure investings are accommodating to these jobs by constructing their ain independent beginning of power supply, while some other have even started to contemplate switching their units to Bangladesh or Turkey in order to bask the same benefits as their planetary rivals are basking.